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Introduction to Sound Recording

Geoff Martin, B.Mus., M.Mus., Ph.D.

October 23, 2011

Contents
Opening materials
 .1 Preface
 .2 Thanks
 .3 Autobiography
 .4 Recommended Reading
 .5 Symbols and Abbreviations
1 Introduction to Units, Geometry, Math and Calculus
 1.1 Units
 1.2 Geometry
 1.3 Exponents
 1.4 Logarithms
 1.5 Trigonometric Functions
 1.6 Complex Numbers
 1.7 Euler’s Identity
 1.8 Binary, Decimal and Hexadecimal
 1.9 Intuitive Calculus
 1.10 Scientific Notation and Prefixes
2 Analog Electronics
 2.1 Basic Electrical Concepts
 2.2 The Decibel
 2.3 Basic Circuits / Series vs. Parallel
 2.4 Capacitors
 2.5 Passive RC Filters
 2.6 Electromagnetism
 2.7 Inductors
 2.8 Transformers
 2.9 Rectifiers and Power Supplies
 2.10 Operational Amplifiers
 2.11 Op Amp Characteristics and Specifications
 2.12 Practical Op Amp Applications
3 Acoustics
 3.1 Introduction
 3.2 Acoustic Reflection and Absorption
 3.3 Specular and Diffused Reflections
 3.4 Diffraction of Sound Waves
 3.5 Struck and Plucked Strings
 3.6 Waves in a Tube (Woodwind Instruments)
 3.7 Helmholtz Resonators
 3.8 Characteristics of a Vibrating Surface
 3.9 Bowed Strings
 3.10 Pitch and Tuning Systems
 3.11 Room Acoustics - Reflections, Resonance and Reverberation
 3.12 Sound Transmission
 3.13 Desirable Characteristics of Rooms and Halls
4 Statistics
 4.1 Why do I need to know statistics?
 4.2 Population
 4.3 Sample
 4.4 Mean
 4.5 Median
 4.6 Mode
 4.7 Range
 4.8 Deviation
 4.9 Variance
 4.10 Standard deviation
 4.11 Standard error
 4.12 Percentile
 4.13 c2 or Chi-Square distribution
 4.14 Correlation Coefficient
 4.15 Coherence
 4.16 Probability Distribution Functions
 4.17 Suggested Reading List
5 Physiological acoustics, psychoacoustics and perception
 5.1 What’s the difference?
 5.2 How your ears work
 5.3 Human Response Characteristics
 5.4 Loudness
 5.5 Weighting Curves
 5.6 Masking and Critical Bands
 5.7 Localization
 5.8 Precedence Effect
 5.9 Distance Perception
 5.10 Listening tests
6 Electroacoustics
 6.1 Filters and Equalizers
 6.2 Compressors, Limiters, Expanders and Gates
 6.3 Analog Tape
 6.4 Sources of Noise
 6.5 Reducing Noise - Shielding, Balancing and Grounding
 6.6 Microphones - Transducer type
 6.7 Microphones - Directional Characteristics
 6.8 Introduction to Loudspeaker drivers
 6.9 Moving coil loudspeaker drivers
 6.10 Loudspeaker acoustics
7 Electroacoustic Measurements
 7.1 Tools of the Trade
 7.2 Electrical Measurements
 7.3 Loudspeaker Measurements
 7.4 Microphone Measurements
 7.5 Acoustical Measurements
8 Digital Audio
 8.1 How to make a digital signal
 8.2 Quantization Error and Dither
 8.3 Aliasing
 8.4 Delta-Sigma Conversion and 1-Bit Signals
 8.5 Digital Signal Transmission Protocols
 8.6 Jitter
 8.7 Fixed- vs. Floating Point
 8.8 Noise Shaping
 8.9 High-Resolution Audio
 8.10 Perceptual Coding
 8.11 Compact Disc
 8.12 Hard Disk Recording
9 Digital Signal Processing
 9.1 Introduction to DSP
 9.2 FFT’s, DFT’s and the Relationship Between the Time and Frequency Domains
 9.3 Windowing Functions
 9.4 FIR Filters
 9.5 IIR Filters
 9.6 Convolution, Correlation and Coherence
 9.7 The z-domain
 9.8 Digital Reverberation
10 Audio Recording
 10.1 Levels and Metering
 10.2 Monitoring Configuration and Calibration
 10.3 Introduction to Stereo Microphone Techniques
 10.4 General Response Characteristics of Microphone Pairs
 10.5 Matrixed Microphone Techniques
 10.6 Surround Microphone Technique
 10.7 Time Code
11 Conclusions and Opinions
12 Reference Information
 12.1 ISO Frequency Centres
 12.2 Resistor Colour Codes
 12.3 Greek Alphabet
13 Hints and tips
Bibliography
Bibliography
Index