Click here to purchase the entire book in PDF format. Contents Opening materials Preface Thanks Autobiography Recommended Reading General Information Sound Recording Analog Electronics Psychoacoustics Acoustics Digital Audio and DSP Electroacoustic Measurements Introduction to Units, Geometry, Math and Calculus Units SI Time Length Mass Force Other systems Geometry Right Triangles Slope Exponents Logarithms Warning Trigonometric Functions Radians Phase vs. Addition Complex Numbers Whole Numbers and Integers Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers Complex numbers Complex Math Part 1 - Addition Complex Math Part 2 - Multiplication Complex Math Part 3 - Some Identity Rules Complex Math Part 4 - Inverse Rules Complex Conjugates Absolute Value (also known as the Modulus) Complex notation or... Who cares? Euler's Identity Who cares? Binary, Decimal and Hexadecimal Decimal (Base 10) Binary (Base 2) Hexadecimal (Base 16) Other Bases Intuitive Calculus Functions Limit Derivation and Slope Sigma - Delta - Integration and Area Suggested Reading List Scientific Notation and Prefixes Scientific notation Prefixes Analog Electronics Basic Electrical Concepts Introduction Current and EMF (Voltage) Resistance and Ohm's Law Power and Watt's Law Alternating vs. Direct Current RMS Suggested Reading List The Decibel Gain Power and Bels dBspl dB HL dBm dBV dBu dBFS Addendum: ``Professional'' vs. ``Consumer'' Levels The Summary Basic Circuits / Series vs. Parallel Introduction Series circuits - from the point of view of the current Series circuits - from the point of view of the voltage Parallel circuits - from the point of view of the voltage Parallel circuits - from the point of view of the current Suggested Reading List Capacitors Electrolytic Capacitors Suggested Reading List Passive RC Filters Another way to consider this... Suggested Reading List Electromagnetism Suggested Reading List Inductors Impedance RL Filters Inductors in Series and Parallel Inductors vs. Capacitors Suggested Reading List Transformers Suggested Reading List Diodes and Semiconductors The geeky stuff: Zener Diodes Suggested Reading List Ground Suggested Reading List Rectifiers and Power Supplies Transistors Suggested Reading List Basic Transistor Circuits Suggested Reading List Operational Amplifiers Introduction Schematic representation Comparators Inverting Amplifier Non-Inverting Amplifier Voltage Follower Leftovers Mixing Amplifier Differential Amplifier Suggested Reading List Op Amp Characteristics and Specifications Introduction Maximum Supply Voltage Maximum Differential Input Voltage Output Short-Circuit Duration Input Resistance Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) Input Voltage Range (Operating Common-Mode Range) Output Voltage Swing Output Resistance Open Loop Voltage Gain Gain Bandwidth Product (GBP) Slew Rate Suggested Reading List Practical Op Amp Applications Active Filters Higher-order filters Bandpass filters Suggested Reading List Acoustics Introduction Pressure Simple Harmonic Motion Damping Harmonics Overtones Longitudinal vs. Transverse Waves Displacement vs. Velocity Amplitude Frequency and Period Frequency vs. Pitch Angular frequency Negative Frequency Speed of Sound Wavelength Acoustic Wavenumber Wave Addition and Subtraction Time vs. Frequency Noise Spectra Amplitude vs. Distance Free Field Diffuse Field Potential and Kinetic Energy Acoustic Resistance and Reactance and Mechanical Reactance - An Intuitive Introduction Acoustic Impedance Power Intensity Acoustic Reflection and Absorption Acoustic Impedance Revisited Reflection and Transmission Coefficients Absorption Coefficient Specular Reflections and Comb Filters Huygen's Wave Theory Specular and Diffused Reflections Specular Reflections and Snell's Law Diffused Reflections and Lambert's Law Reading List Diffraction of Sound Waves Reading List Struck and Plucked Strings Travelling waves and reflections Standing waves (aka Resonant Frequencies) Impulse Response vs. Resonance Tuning the string Harmonics in the real-world Reading List Waves in a Tube (Woodwind Instruments) Waveguides Resonance in a closed pipe Open Pipes Reading List Helmholtz Resonators Reading List Characteristics of a Vibrating Surface Reading List Woodwind Instruments Reading List Brass Instruments Reading List Bowed Strings Reading List Percussion Instruments Reading List Vocal Sound Production Reading List Directional Characteristics of Instruments Reading List Pitch and Tuning Systems Introduction Pythagorean Temperament Just Temperament Meantone Temperaments Equal Temperament Cents Suggested Reading List Room Acoustics - Reflections, Resonance and Reverberation Early Reflections Reverberation Resonance and Room Modes Schroeder frequency Room Radius (aka Critical Distance) Reading List Sound Transmission Airborne sound Impact noise Reading List Desirable Characteristics of Rooms and Halls Reading List Statistics Why do I need to know statistics? Population Sample Mean Population mean Sample mean Median Mode Range Deviation Variance Standard deviation Standard error Percentile or Chi-Square distribution Correlation Coefficient Coherence Probability Distribution Functions Suggested Reading List Physiological acoustics, psychoacoustics and perception What's the difference? How your ears work Head Related Transfer Functions (HRTF's) Suggested Reading List Human Response Characteristics Introduction Frequency Range Dynamic Range Loudness Threshold of Hearing dB HL Phons Weighting Curves Masking and Critical Bands Sones Loudness revisited Sones Localization Cone of Confusion Suggested Reading List Precedence Effect Distance Perception Reflection patterns Direct-to-reverberant ratio Sound pressure level High-frequency content Suggested Reading List Perception of sound qualities Suggested Reading List Listening tests A short mis-informed history Filter model Variables Psychometric function Scaling methods Hedonic tests Non-hedonic tests Types of subjects Some standard test types Testing for stimulus attributes Randomization Analysis Common pitfalls Suggested Reading List Electroacoustics Filters and Equalizers Introduction Filters Equalizers Phase response Applications Further reading Compressors, Limiters, Expanders and Gates What a compressor does. How compressors compress Suggested Reading List Analog Tape The simple story Some more details Hysteresis M-H curve DC Bias AC Bias Playback Tape recorder calibration Suggested Reading List Noise Sources Introduction EMI Transmission Suggested Reading List Reducing Noise - Shielding, Balancing and Grounding Shielding Balanced transmission lines Grounding Suggested Reading List Microphones - Transducer type Introduction Dynamic Microphones Condenser Microphones RF Condenser Microphones Suggested Reading List Microphones - Directional Characteristics Introduction Pressure Transducers Pressure Gradient Transducers Combinations of Pressure and Pressure Gradient General Sensitivity Equation Do-It-Yourself Polar Patterns The Influence of Polar Pattern on Frequency Response Proximity Effect Acceptance Angle Random-Energy Response (RER) Random-Energy Efficiency (REE) Directivity Factor (DRF) Distance Factor (DSF) Variable Pattern Microphones Suggested Reading List Loudspeakers - Transducer type Introduction Ribbon Loudspeakers Moving Coil Loudspeakers Electrostatic Loudspeakers Loudspeaker acoustics Driver directivity Enclosures Other Issues Electroacoustic Measurements Tools of the Trade Digital Multimeter True RMS Meter Oscilloscope Function Generators Automated Testing Equipment Swept Sine Tone MLS-Based Measurements Suggested Reading List Electrical Measurements Output impedance Input Impedance Gain Gain Linearity Frequency Response Bandwidth Phase Response Group Delay Slew Rate Maximum Output Noise measurements Dynamic Range Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR or S/N Ratio) Equivalent Input Noise (EIN) Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise (THD+N) Crosstalk Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) DC Offset Filter Q Impulse Response Cross-correlation Interaural Cross-correlation Suggested Reading List Loudspeaker Measurements Frequency Response Phase Response Distortion Off-Axis Response Power Response Impedance Curve Sensitivity Suggested Reading List Microphone Measurements Polar Pattern Frequency Response Phase Response Off-Axis Response Sensitivity Equivalent Noise Level Impedance Suggested Reading List Acoustical Measurements Room Modes Reflections Reflection and Absorbtion Coefficients Reverberation Time (RT60) Noise Level Sound Transmission Intelligibility Suggested Reading List Digital Audio How to make a (PCM) digital signal The basics of analog to digital conversion The basics of digital to analog conversion Aliasing Binary numbers and bits Two's complement Suggested Reading List Quantization Error and Dither Dither When to use dither Suggested Reading List Aliasing Antialiasing filters Suggested Reading List Delta-Sigma Conversion and 1-Bit Signals Filtering Suggested Reading List Digital Signal Transmission Protocols Introduction What's being sent? Some more info about AES/EBU S/PDIF Some Terms That You Should Know... Jitter Suggested Reading List Jitter When to worry about jitter What causes jitter, and how to reduce it Suggested Reading List Fixed- vs. Floating Point Fixed Point Floating Point Comparison Between Systems Conversion Between Systems Suggested Reading List Noise Shaping Suggested Reading List High-Resolution Audio ``What is ``High-Resolution Audio?'' Why High-Resolution audio? Is it worth it? Suggested Reading List Compact Disc Sampling rate Word length Storage capacity (recording time) Physical construction Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation (EFM) Suggested Reading List DVD-Audio Suggested Reading List SACD and DSD Suggested Reading List Hard Disk Recording Bandwidth and disk space Suggested Reading List Digital Audio File Formats AIFF WAV SDII mu-law Suggested Reading List Digital Signal Processing Introduction to DSP Block Diagrams and Notation Normalized Frequency Suggested Reading List FFT's, DFT's and the Relationship Between the Time and Frequency Domains Fourier in a Nutshell Discrete Fourier Transforms A couple of more details on detail Redundancy in the DFT Result What's the use? The math Suggested Reading List Windowing Functions Rectangular Hanning Hamming Other windowing functions Comparisons Suggested Reading List FIR Filters Comb Filters Frequency Response Deviation Impulse Response vs. Frequency Response More complicated filters Suggested Reading List IIR Filters Comb Filters Danger! Biquadratic Allpass filters Suggested Reading List Convolution, Correlation and Coherence Convolution Autocorrelation Cross-correlation Correlation coefficient Coherence Suggested Reading List The z-domain Introduction Filter frequency response The z-plane Transfer function Calculating filters as polynomials Zeros Poles Suggested Reading List Digital Reverberation History Suggested Reading List Audio Recording Levels and Metering Introduction Digital Gear in the PCM World Analog electronics Analog tape Meters Gain Management Phase and Correlation Meters Suggested Reading List Monitoring Configuration and Calibration Standard operating levels Channels are not Loudspeakers Bass management Configuration Calibration Suggested Reading List Introduction to Stereo Microphone Techniques Panning Coincident techniques (X-Y) Spaced techniques (A-B) Near-coincident techniques More complicated techniques Suggested Reading List General Response Characteristics of Microphone Pairs Phantom Images Revisited Interchannel Differences Summed power response Correlation and coherence Conclusions Matrixed Microphone Techniques MS Ambisonics Suggested Reading List Surround Microphone Technique Advantages to Surround Common pitfalls Fukada Tree OCT Surround OCT Front System + IRT Cross OCT Front System + Hamasaki Square Klepko Technique Corey / Martin Tree Michael Williams Martin Tree Suggested Reading List Time Code Introduction Frame Rates How to Count in Time Code SMPTE/EBU Time Code Formats Time Code Encoding Annex - Time Code Bit Assignments Suggested Reading List Conclusions and Opinions Suggested Reading List Reference Information ISO Frequency Centres Resistor Colour Codes Hints and tips Bibliography Index About this document ...